技術人員可以使用的最後一種設備稱為功率調節器或線路調節器。 這些設備沒有任何備用電池功能，但是可以將電源從骯髒的電源狀況（電源波動很大）整流為穩定的115-120 VAC電源狀況。 這些器件可將欠壓條件提高到正常水平，並將過壓條件降低迴標準水平。 如果您的系統要使用備用發電機運行，或者您在電力不穩定的區域（例如在某些發展中國家）運行，則這非常重要。
Another major safety hazard for computer systems and components is electrostatic discharge (ESD). ESD damage is caused by the discharge of static electricity that has been built up by the human body in the course of everyday events, such as walking, standing and sitting at our desks, and other activities. In drier (less humid) environments, static electricity builds up more quickly and becomes more of an issue. This is especially true during winter months. While static electricity cannot directly harm humans very much, it can be deadly to computer components. A person builds static electricity that can reach 20,000 to 25,000 volts, but is of a low amperage (making it safe for humans). When you touch something of lower electrical potential, such as the metal case of the computer or the circuit board of an expansion card, the static electricity in your body is discharged into that component, causing damage. If you touch a circuit board without taking ESD precautions, ESD may occur and cause permanent failure or an intermittent failure of the component.
計算機系統和組件的另一個主要安全隱患是靜電放電（ESD）。 ESD損壞是由人體在日常活動過程中（例如走路，站立和坐在辦公桌旁以及其他活動中）積聚的靜電釋放引起的。在乾燥（濕度較低）的環境中，靜電積聚更快，成為一個更大的問題。在冬季尤其如此。儘管靜電不會直接對人類造成很大的傷害，但它可能對計算機組件造成致命的傷害。一個人積聚的靜電可以達到20,000到25,000伏，但電流強度很低（對人類安全）。當您觸摸電勢較低的物體（例如計算機的金屬外殼或擴充卡的電路板）時，體內的靜電會釋放到該組件中，從而造成損壞。如果在未採取ESD預防措施的情況下觸摸電路板，則可能會發生ESD，並導致組件永久性故障或間歇性故障。
You can protect computer equipment from ESD fairly easily. First, you should use an antistatic wrist strap, also known as an ESD strap.
您可以相當容易地保護計算機設備免受ESD的影響。 首先，應使用防靜電腕帶，也稱為ESD腕帶。
ESD strap. Photo used under CC-BY-ND license from Carl Bereley.
These devices are very inexpensive and are the best method of protecting equipment against ESD. To be effective, one end of the strap must be grounded (by clipping it to something such as to the bare metal of the computer case), and the other end is placed around your wrist like a bracelet. This continually causes a discharge from the body to the computer case, thereby protecting the internal computer components. Because of the high voltage present inside a cathode ray tube (CRT) monitor, you should not wear an ESD wrist strap when working inside a CRT monitor.
這些設備非常便宜，是保護設備免受ESD影響的最佳方法。 為使之有效，必須將腕帶的一端接地（通過將其修剪到諸如計算機機殼裸露的東西上），另一端像手鐲一樣放在手腕上。 這不斷導致從身體向計算機機殼的放電，從而保護了計算機內部組件。 由於陰極射線管（CRT）監視器內部存在高壓，因此在CRT監視器內部進行操作時，請勿佩戴ESD腕帶。
If you do not have an ESD strap, you can employ the second precautionary method, called grounding against the chassis. In this method, you touch any unpainted metal part of the computer case to discharge the static electricity from your body before touching the sensitive components (such as expansion cards). This method is quite good, but you must remember to ground yourself against the case every time before touching a component. The last precautionary method is to use anti-static bags. This procedure is useful during transport of various components. Basically, you place the components and cards inside the anti-static bag to protect them from ESD while you are carrying them from one location to another.
如果沒有ESD綁帶，則可以採用第二種預防方法，即與機箱接地。 通過這種方法，在觸摸敏感組件（例如擴展卡）之前，請觸摸計算機機箱上任何未上漆的金屬部分，以釋放身上的靜電。 這種方法相當不錯，但是每次觸摸組件之前，您都必須記住要使自己始終與外殼接觸。 最後一種預防方法是使用防靜電袋。 此過程在運輸各種組件時很有用。 基本上，將組件和卡從一個位置搬運到另一位置時，請將其放置在防靜電袋中，以防靜電。
Anti-static bag. Photo used under CC-BY license from Joe Hall.
To prevent ESD we must ensure we handle components properly. Never touch the face of the cards where the components and wiring are located; only handle cards by the edges. Additionally, always use proper ESD straps or grounding techniques before handling the cards. You also should remove jewelry and avoid loose clothes, since they may get caught in the computer or inadvertently cause a static charge to be transferred into a component. Another great technique is the use of an anti-static mat or workbench. Many server rooms and IT shops have these mats installed, and they provide a good method of keeping yourself grounded while working. You can also raise the humidity of the room to minimize the chances of static build-up. Most computer server rooms keep humidity between 40 and 50 percent to minimize electrostatic build-up, but often you will not have control over the humidity as a technician. You also want to avoid carpeted areas when possible, as walking across carpet creates a faster buildup of static electricity in the body. Finally, never use electrical or magnetic tools on the workstation, as the electrical motors from drills, impact wrenches, and vacuums create static electricity that can be discharged into fragile components.
為了防止ESD，我們必須確保正確處理組件。切勿觸摸組件和配線所在的卡的表面；只能處理邊緣的卡。此外，在處理插卡之前，請始終使用正確的ESD腕帶或接地技術。您還應卸下珠寶首飾並避免穿寬鬆的衣服，因為它們可能會卡在計算機中或無意間導致靜電荷轉移到組件中。另一個很棒的技術是使用防靜電墊或工作台。許多服務器機房和IT商店都安裝了這些墊子，它們是在工作時保持接地的一種好方法。您還可以提高房間的濕度，以最大程度減少靜電積聚的機會。大多數計算機服務器機房將濕度保持在40％到50％之間，以最大程度地減少靜電積聚，但是作為技術人員，您通常無法控制濕度。您還希望盡可能避免舖有地毯的區域，因為在地毯上行走會在體內更快地積聚靜電。最後，切勿在工作站上使用電動工具或電磁工具，因為鑽頭，衝擊扳手和真空吸塵器產生的電動機會產生靜電，這些靜電會排放到易碎的部件中。
Operational Procedures: Environmental Controls 操作程序：環境控制
So, what is the best range of environmental controls to protect our workstations and provide our computers with the best operating environment? For temperature, we seek a range of 68-76 degrees Fahrenheit, and we attempt to keep the humidity between 20 and 60 percent. If the humidity is higher, it prevents electrostatic buildup. If the humidity is too high, though, condensation and water vapor can occur. It is a fragile balance, but the best rule of thumb is that if humans are comfortable, the environment is probably within the specifications. Also, we need to ensure proper ventilation for both people and computers. We want to minimize the dust in the environment and ensure adequate cooling to remove the heat created by the workstations.
那麼，保護我們的工作站並為我們的計算機提供最佳操作環境的最佳環境控制範圍是什麼？ 對於溫度，我們尋求的溫度範圍為華氏68-76度，並且嘗試將濕度保持在20％到60％之間。 如果濕度較高，則可防止靜電積聚。 但是，如果濕度太高，則會發生冷凝和水蒸氣。 這是一個脆弱的平衡，但是最好的經驗法則是，如果人類感到舒適，則環境可能在規格範圍內。 此外，我們需要確保人和計算機的通風良好。 我們希望最大程度地減少環境中的灰塵，並確保充分冷卻以消除工作站產生的熱量。
Additionally, we need to consider the chemicals that we often encounter in our daily jobs. Each product that uses chemicals must have a material safety data sheet (MSDS) with it. This sheet includes the proper treatment if a person comes into contact with the substance, how to deal with chemical spills, how to properly dispose of the chemicals, and proper storage of the substance. MSDS are required for all products with chemicals, including things like window cleaning solution as well as more complex compounds like the thermal paste that we use in workstations.
此外，我們需要考慮日常工作中經常遇到的化學物質。 每個使用化學藥品的產品都必須隨附材料安全數據表（MSDS）。 該表包括人接觸該物質時的適當處理，如何處理化學溢出物，如何正確處置化學物質以及正確存儲該物質。 所有含化學物質的產品都需要MSDS，包括窗戶清潔液以及更複雜的化合物（例如我們在工作站中使用的導熱膏）。
Operational Procedures: Physical Safety 操作步驟：人身安全
Since we have considered the electrical dangers a technician might face, we must also consider the physical dangers. As information technology technicians, we often are involved in the “rollout” and replacement of existing systems, and in moving equipment from one office area to another. In this portion of our jobs, we often have to move hundreds of computers. Remember, the number one cause of injury for computer technicians is lifting items that are too heavy for us. A couple of rules of thumb to prevent injury: Do not lift anything over 25 percent of your own weight without assistance. Second, remember to always lift with your legs, not your back. If you follow these two simple rules, you can avoid the most common injuries in the workplace.
由於我們已經考慮了技術人員可能面臨的電氣危險，因此我們還必須考慮物理危險。 作為信息技術人員，我們經常參與“部署”和替換現有系統，以及將設備從一個辦公區域轉移到另一個辦公區域。 在這部分工作中，我們經常不得不移動數百台計算機。 請記住，計算機技術人員受傷的首要原因是提起對我們來說太重的物品。 防止受傷的一些經驗法則：不要在沒有幫助的情況下舉起超過自身體重25％的東西。 其次，請記住始終抬起雙腿，而不是背部。 如果遵循這兩個簡單規則，則可以避免在工作場所中最常見的傷害。
Another area of concern is our impatience. Often when we go to work on a computer, we first turn off the machine and then open it up. Many of us forget that the computer may have been on and running for the past several days or weeks, building up an enormous amount of heat that can cause burns. It is a good idea to wait at least 15 minutes before touching items at the workstation, such as a laser printer’s fuser, the central processing unit (CPU) of the computer, or the power supply of the computer. These areas tend to generate the most heat and need time to dissipate the heat prior to maintenance.
另一個值得關注的領域是我們的耐心。 通常，當我們在計算機上工作時，首先關閉機器，然後再打開它。 我們中的許多人都忘記了計算機可能已經在過去的幾天或幾週內開機並運行，從而積聚了大量的熱量，可能引起灼傷。 最好等待至少15分鐘，然後再觸摸工作站上的物品，例如激光打印機的定影器，計算機的中央處理器（CPU）或計算機的電源。 這些區域會產生最多的熱量，並且在維護之前需要時間消散熱量。
Finally, we must be wary of how we route cables, and must practice proper cable management. Do not run cables in the walkways or through places where employees may trip over them. If a worker trips on the cord, not only will the worker get hurt, but the workstation itself could be pulled off the desk and damaged. Place the computer and cables in a place where adequate air flow can occur; otherwise, the computer may overheat and have issues functioning. Finally, always remember to check local regulations when installing new network cables. Some areas require certain licenses or certifications, such as an electrician’s license, to run network cables. Also, you will need to install plenum-rated cables if you are running them in areas such as the ceiling, where ventilation systems are found.
最後，我們必須警惕如何佈設電纜，並且必須進行適當的電纜管理。 請勿在走道或員工可能絆倒的地方穿過電纜。 如果工人用電線絆倒，不僅會受傷，而且工作站本身可能會從桌子上拉下來並損壞。 將計算機和電纜放置在可產生足夠空氣流通的地方； 否則，計算機可能會過熱並出現問題。 最後，在安裝新的網絡電纜時，切記要檢查當地法規。 有些地區需要某些許可證或證明（例如電工許可證）才能運行網絡電纜。 另外，如果要在通風等有天花板的區域（如天花板）上鋪設增壓電纜，則需要安裝增壓電纜。
Proper cable management. Photo used under CC-BY-NC license from Adrian Black.
So, why is cable management so important? Well, imagine your boss just told you that her workstation lost its connection to the network. You run down to the server room to see if you can troubleshoot her connection. You look first to check if her cable is plugged in, but you find the mess of cables below. How do you determine which is your boss’ connection? This mess causes issues with ventilation, cooling, and more importantly issues when trying to troubleshoot. Always run the cabling with proper cable management techniques and label the cables to assist you in the future during troubleshooting.
那麼，為什麼電纜管理如此重要？ 好吧，想像一下您的老闆剛剛告訴您她的工作站失去了與網絡的連接。 您跑到服務器機房查看是否可以解決她的連接故障。 您首先要檢查她的電纜是否已插入，但在下面發現電纜亂七八糟。 您如何確定老闆的聯繫方式？ 這種混亂會導致通風，冷卻問題，更重要的是，嘗試進行故障排除時會出現問題。 始終使用適當的電纜管理技術來佈線，並標記電纜，以在將來進行故障排除時為您提供幫助。
Labeled cables. Photo used under CC-BY-NC-ND license from Jisc.
Operational Procedures: CRT Disposal 操作程序：CRT處置
Many older monitors you may find in the field are CRT monitors. These older monitors look like old televisions. These monitors tend to be very heavy, with 30” or larger models weighing nearly a hundred pounds. It is important to remember your lifting rules before moving these monitors. Most people are upgrading these old monitors to LCD or LED models, since they offer better picture quality and are much lighter. Many locations have special disposal rules for these devices. Many localities have a requirement to recycle monitors at a central waste facility. Finally, these monitors use capacitors to perform their functions. You must be careful not to open these monitors, as they can have 10,000-20,000 volts of potential voltage, even when they have been unplugged for long periods of time.
您可能在現場發現的許多較舊的顯示器都是CRT顯示器。 這些較舊的監視器看起來像舊電視。 這些監視器往往非常重，具有30英寸或更大的型號，重近一百磅。 在移動這些顯示器之前，請記住您的舉升規則，這一點很重要。 大多數人都將這些舊顯示器升級為LCD或LED型號，因為它們提供了更好的圖像質量並且更輕。 許多位置對於這些設備都有特殊的處置規則。 許多地方都要求在中央廢物處理設施回收監測器。 最後，這些監視器使用電容器來執行其功能。 您必須小心不要打開這些顯示器，因為它們可能具有10,000-20,000伏的潛在電壓，即使長時間拔下電源也是如此。
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